The U.S. lodging industry’s recovery from the depths of the recent recession was characterized by strong growth in rooms revenue (RevPAR) concurrent with strict cost controls. This combination resulted in double-digit growth rates for profits—defined as income before deductions for capital reserve, rent, interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization—between 2010 and 2014. When market conditions began changing in 2015, the pace of RevPAR growth slowed while, at the same time, expenses increased to their highest level of real change in 20 years. With RevPAR growth forecast to be somewhat muted for the next few years, the attention of owners and operators has now shifted to controlling expenses.
An expense that has consistently grown at a pace greater than the average of all other costs from 2010 through 2015 has been management fees. When the growth of an expense item exceeds the overall average, owners typically become concerned. However, since management fees are designed to reward operators for positive performance, excessive growth in management fees is not necessarily unwelcome.
Most management contracts include two components for compensation: A base fee and an incentive fee. The base fee is typically charged as a percentage of total revenue, while incentive fees are paid to the management company once a certain profit threshold is reached. Incentive fees are designed to make management more conscious of the bottom line because owners achieve their returns and pay their debts from profits, not revenue.
To gain a better understanding of this expense, we analyzed the performance of hotels that reported paying a management fee for CBRE Hotels’ Americas Research’s annual Trends in the Hotel Industry survey of property-level operating statements.
Percentages and Incentive Fees
Among the hotels that reported paying a management fee in 2015, the combined payments for the base and incentive fees averaged 3.5 percent of total revenue. This expense ratio was the highest at extended-stay hotels (4.2 percent) and was lowest at suite hotels with food and beverage (2.9 percent). Relative to the bottom-line, total management fees averaged 15.5 percent of profits.
During the 2010-to-2015 recession recovery period, management fees typically grew at a faster annual pace than total revenue. In 2015, we observed a departure from that trend, when total revenue grew by 5.3 percent but total management fees increased by just 5.1 percent. Through 2014, profits maintained their double-digit annual growth rates. Therefore, it can be assumed that the incentive fee component had a significant impact on the growth in management fees. However, when the pace of profit growth slowed to 7.1 percent in 2015, this would have reduced the increase in the incentive fee component, thus stemming the pace of the rise in overall management fee expense.
As profits have increased, it is not surprising that the incentive fee requirements within management contracts have been met at a rising number of hotels. In 2015, 18.1 percent of the properties in our Trends sample that reported paying a management fee also reported paying an incentive fee. This is up to a 2014 ratio of 14.5 percent from a low of 5.8 percent in 2009.
With the number of properties paying a management fee growing between 2014 and 2015, but the pace of management fee payouts slowing, one can assume the required profit margins—or profit level—needed to trigger the incentive fee are being achieved. However, the magnitude of the growth in profits has diminished, thus limiting the growth in the amount of the management fee payment.
As expected, the properties that paid an incentive fee in 2015 achieved greater increases in both revenue and profits. During that year, hotels that reported paying an incentive fee saw their total revenue grow by 6.0 percent, while their profits increased 17.5 percent. At the properties that did not pay an incentive fee, total revenue increased by 4.7 percent, while profits grew by 16.3 percent.
When analyzing incentive fee payment data over the two-year period including 2014 and 2015, we see that the intended incentive for management companies appears to be working. Properties that paid an incentive fee in 2015, but not in 2014, saw their profits increase by 30.3 percent in 2015. Conversely, for properties that paid an incentive fee in 2014 but not in 2015, profits increased by 20.4 percent in 2015.
Given the relatively strong 20.4 percent increase in profits achieved at hotels that did not pay the incentive fee in 2015 after paying in 2014, it can be assumed that the incentive management fee requirements at these properties are very strict. Alternatively, the management contracts for those in this group may have a revenue component. The revenues for the hotels that paid a management fee in 2014 but not 2015 suffered a 1.2 percent decline in total revenue during the period.
Keeping Management Motivated
The expected operating environment for U.S. hotels for the next few years is one of limited growth in both revenue and profits. Therefore, both owners and operators should brace for subdued growth in their respective paybacks—i.e., returns for owners and management fee income for the management companies.
With revenue growth expected to slow over the next few years, management companies will be even more incentivized to boost profit growth in order to earn more income for themselves. However, with profit margins currently well above long-run averages and labor costs on the rise, achieving growing profits will be a challenge. For owners who signed contracts with profit-based incentive clauses, these contract terms may prove to be of great value over the next few years.
About the Author
Robert Mandelbaum is Director of Research Information Services in the Atlanta office of CBRE Hotels’ Americas Research.
